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<span id="pnhfjpa" class="layui-breadcrumb"> <a href="/index.html" class="icon-home"> 首頁(yè)</a><a href="/article/lych.html">林業(yè)蟲(chóng)害</a><a href="/article/chfz.html">蟲(chóng)害防治</a> </span> </div> <div class="eir94sn" id="main-con">  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/common/css/common.css">  <h1 class="text-center text-large">松材線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病防治</h1> <h5 class="text-center text-small">文章出處：本站人氣：17682 發(fā)表時(shí)間：2022-09-01 14:05:00</h5> <hr> <div id="kklbxug" class="proinfo"> <p style="text-align:center;text-indent:2em;"> <span style="font-size:16px;"><strong>松材線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病防治</strong></span> </p> <p style="text-align:center;"> <img src="http://www.realms-markets.com/editor/../uploads/image/20220901/20220901140717_30788.jpg" alt="" /> </p> <p style="text-indent:2em;"> 松材線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病是危害松屬（Pinus）等植物的一種毀滅性流行病。病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)通過(guò)媒介昆蟲(chóng)松墨天牛（Monochamus alternatusHope）補充營(yíng)養時(shí)從傷口進(jìn)入木質(zhì)部，寄生在樹(shù)脂道中，大量繁殖后遍及全株，造成導管阻塞、植株失水、蒸騰作用降低、樹(shù)脂分泌急劇減少和停止。針葉陸續變?yōu)榧t褐色萎蔫，最后整株枯死。通常感病后40多天即可造成松樹(shù)枯死，3-5年即可摧毀成片松樹(shù)。 </p> <p style="text-indent:2em;"> <span style="font-size:14px;"><strong>一、危害癥狀</strong></span> </p> <p style="text-indent:2em;"> 感病的松樹(shù)死亡前的外部癥狀可以觀(guān)察到的是針葉的變化。 </p> <p style="text-indent:2em;"> 1、當年枯死，多數情況下，植株感病后，于當年秋即表現全株枯死。在高溫干旱時(shí)，植株從線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)侵入到枯死只需要3個(gè)月左右，從開(kāi)始出現癥狀到死亡大約30-45天。典型病害癥狀的出現，大體上可分為4個(gè)階段：（1）病害初期，植株外觀(guān)正常，但樹(shù)脂分泌開(kāi)始減少；（2）樹(shù)脂停止分泌，蒸騰作用減弱，樹(shù)冠部分針葉失去光澤、變黃，此時(shí)，一般能觀(guān)察到天?；蚱渌紫x(chóng)侵害或產(chǎn)卵的痕跡；（3）多數針葉變黃，植株開(kāi)始萎蔫，這時(shí)，可以發(fā)現甲蟲(chóng)的蛀屑；（4）整個(gè)樹(shù)冠部針葉由黃色變?yōu)楹稚蚣t褐色，全株枯死，針葉當年不落。 </p> <p style="text-indent:2em;"> 2、越年枯死：在溫度較低地區，有約10%松樹(shù)感病后，當年不迅速枯死，而是次年春或初夏才枯死。 </p> <p style="text-indent:2em;"> 3、枝條枯死：在不利發(fā)病條件下，植株病感后，在1-2年時(shí)間內，并不表現全株枯死現象。一般僅為樹(shù)冠上少量枝條枯死，隨時(shí)間推移，枯死枝條逐漸增多，直至全株。 </p> <p style="text-indent:2em;"> <span style="font-size:14px;"><strong>二、形態(tài)特征</strong></span> </p> <p style="text-indent:2em;"> 松材線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)：松材線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)在分類(lèi)上屬線(xiàn)形動(dòng)物門(mén)線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)綱，成蟲(chóng)長(cháng)約1mm左右，雌雄同形，蠕蟲(chóng)狀，其形態(tài)需在高倍顯微鏡下才能觀(guān)察清楚。 </p> <p style="text-indent:2em;"> 松墨天牛：松墨天牛為鞘翅目，天?？?。成蟲(chóng)體長(cháng)13－28mm，橙黃色到赤褐色。觸角栗色；雄蟲(chóng)觸角1、2節和第3節基部具稀疏灰絨毛，長(cháng)為體長(cháng)2-2.5倍，雌蟲(chóng)觸角為體長(cháng)的1.4-1.6倍。前胸寬大于長(cháng)，側刺突較大；背面有2條橙黃色縱紋，與3條黑色絨紋相間。每一鞘翅具5條縱紋，由方形或長(cháng)方形的黑色及灰白色絨毛斑點(diǎn)相間組成。卵長(cháng)約4mm，乳白色，略呈鐮刀形。幼蟲(chóng)乳白色，頭部黑色，前胸背板褐色，中央有波狀橫紋。老熟幼蟲(chóng)體長(cháng)38-43mm。蛹為離蛹，乳白色，體長(cháng)20－26毫米，圓筒形。 </p> <p style="text-indent:2em;"> <span style="font-size:14px;"><strong>三、分布</strong></span> </p> <p style="text-indent:2em;"> 松材線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)原產(chǎn)于北美。國外主要分布在日本、美國、加拿大、韓國、法國、俄羅斯、墨西哥、葡萄牙等多個(gè)國家。根據國家林業(yè)局2006年第1號公告，國內主要分布于江蘇、浙江、江西、山東、湖北、湖南、廣東重慶、云南、貴州等省和香港、臺灣。 </p> <p style="text-indent:2em;"> <span style="font-size:14px;"><strong>四、發(fā)病規律</strong></span> </p> <p style="text-indent:2em;"> 松材線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病是松樹(shù)、線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)、天牛和環(huán)境條件共同作用的結果，一般病害流行區不僅要具備大量易感病的寄主、蟲(chóng)口密度高的天牛、致病性強的松材線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)，還要有相適宜的環(huán)境條件。<br /> 天牛在春季松樹(shù)開(kāi)始生長(cháng)后羽化，新羽化的天牛成蟲(chóng)飛至健康松樹(shù)，取食嫩枝補充營(yíng)養，而天牛體內的松材線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)幼蟲(chóng)，通過(guò)氣門(mén)離開(kāi)天牛，從天牛造成的傷口侵入健康松枝。線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)侵入樹(shù)體后蛻皮變成成蟲(chóng)，取食薄壁細胞，造成樹(shù)脂分泌減少。天牛在衰弱和死亡的樹(shù)皮內產(chǎn)卵，把殘留在體內的松材線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)帶到產(chǎn)卵的地方，并進(jìn)入樹(shù)木內部，導致線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)在日趨死亡的松樹(shù)中群體量倍增，造成松樹(shù)逐漸死亡。攜帶大量線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)松樹(shù)，成為第二年侵染來(lái)源。 </p> <p style="text-indent:2em;"> <span style="font-size:14px;"><strong>五、防治</strong></span> </p> <p style="text-indent:2em;"> (一)檢疫 </p> <p style="text-indent:2em;"> 一方面各口岸應對調進(jìn)的木材進(jìn)行嚴格檢疫，加強木材和木質(zhì)包裝材料的檢驗，防止病害從外國傳入。另一方面，應按森林病蟲(chóng)害檢疫規程，在疫區邊緣重要交通要道建立哨卡，疫區內松材及其制品一律嚴禁外運，與疫區毗鄰的非疫區，要加強邊界地段的定期檢測工作，防止病害傳人。松材線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)的檢疫方法一般可分兩步進(jìn)行，首先通過(guò)直觀(guān)對木材松脂分泌量、藍變現象、含水率和天牛為害癥狀初步判斷。病樹(shù)—般松脂分泌量少或無(wú)，病松材截面通常部分或變?yōu)樗{色，病材通常比健材輕(含水量小)，有明顯的天牛為害狀。第二步是用直徑約3厘米的麻花鉆，取木屑或用刀削木片，至少5克，剪碎后用貝爾曼漏斗法或淺盆法分離線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)。如發(fā)現幼蟲(chóng)，可用灰葡萄孢霉等真菌培養，獲得成蟲(chóng)后再作鑒定，鑒定時(shí)尤其要注意松材線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)與擬松材線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)的區別。 </p> <p style="text-indent:2em;"> (二)清理和處理林間病死樹(shù)，因地制宜進(jìn)行林分改造 </p> <p style="text-indent:2em;"> 在每年12月底前清理病死木、枯死木（包括瀕死木、衰弱木、被壓木等），將木段、粗枝條、1厘米以上的枝椏集中裝入編織袋搬運到燒毀地點(diǎn)，統一燒毀。所有采伐的枯死松樹(shù)伐根高度必須控制在離地面5厘米以?xún)?，去皮后縱向連砍數刀并間歇噴灑16％蟲(chóng)線(xiàn)清乳油1：50溶液4—6次，然后用塑料袋包住伐根，用繩子捆扎，再用土覆蓋。對條件許可的地點(diǎn)，可在天牛羽化前（3月底）皆伐發(fā)生小班松林，所有伐根高度控制在離地面5厘米以?xún)?，把具有利用價(jià)值的松樹(shù)樹(shù)干按要求集材后，憑《松材線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病疫木安全利用特別通行證》全封閉、專(zhuān)人押運到指定的制漿造紙廠(chǎng)，在指定區域和專(zhuān)人監管下當日進(jìn)行切片處理，切片厚度必須小于0.5厘米，及時(shí)化漿處理，否則必須集中燒毀。實(shí)行邊采伐邊將林地上留下的樹(shù)梢和枝條就地結合整地煉山分類(lèi)實(shí)施及時(shí)燒毀，最終達到100%殺滅松材線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)和松墨天牛的目的。切片加工場(chǎng)所的加工剩余物（樹(shù)皮、碎木片、木屑等）也應及時(shí)一并銷(xiāo)毀。另外，也可結合當地自然條件，在疫區外圍設置一條無(wú)寄主植物隔離帶，用以阻止病害的自然擴散。清理和更新改造作為當前生產(chǎn)上主要措施之一，是營(yíng)林措施中十分重要的部分，清理工作的好壞直接關(guān)系到下一年的發(fā)病輕重。 </p> <p style="text-indent:2em;"> (三)利用多種措施防治媒介天牛 </p> <p style="text-indent:2em;"> 1、空中與地面噴藥防治天牛成蟲(chóng)。近年我國研究開(kāi)發(fā)了長(cháng)效緩劑型，先后有21％滅殺斃微膠囊、DFM-21(溴氰菊酯—倍硫磷)、FFM-20(氰戊菊酯—倍硫磷)微膠囊以及FEE-30(戊菊酯—倍硫磷)長(cháng)效乳油等，對大面積發(fā)病林分用飛機噴藥防治，對零星感病松樹(shù)進(jìn)行地面防治。 </p> <p style="text-indent:2em;"> 2、熏蒸殺滅天牛幼蟲(chóng)。對砍伐的病樹(shù)原木，可用塑料布或防雨布密封起來(lái)，用溴甲烷40-60克熏蒸48－72小時(shí)，效果良好。近年來(lái)，試用磷化鋁熏蒸，效果亦好。對原木的處理必須在天牛羽化前結束。 </p> <p style="text-indent:2em;"> 3、引誘劑的試用。在林間掛設松墨天牛誘捕器，定期加入適量引誘劑，可減少松墨天牛種群數量。 </p> <p style="text-indent:2em;"> 4、生物防治。釋放管氏腫腿蜂(Scleroderma guani)28000頭/hm2，當代防治效果達40％-50％，經(jīng)3-4個(gè)月，持續防效可達69.6％-85.3％。 </p> <p style="text-indent:2em;"> (四)藥劑抑制樹(shù)體內松材線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)繁殖 </p> <p style="text-indent:2em;"> 對于風(fēng)景區的觀(guān)賞樹(shù)種或名貴樹(shù)種，可用注射法注入藥劑。用15％鐵滅克藥液注射樹(shù)干一次，可確保植株當年免受病害的危害。若以5％克線(xiàn)磷根施200克／株，防治效果達75.9％。 </p> <p style="text-indent:2em;"> (五)選用抗病樹(shù)種 </p> <p style="text-indent:2em;"> 利用抗病品種是此病較為理想的防治方法。試驗證明，我國的雪松、火炬松比較抗病，日本黑松最為感病，因此，在日本黑松為主的疫區，應考慮更新樹(shù)種，減少損失。 </p> <p style="text-indent:2em;"> <br /> </p> <p style="text-indent:2em;"> <br /> </p> <p style="text-indent:2em;"> <br /> </p></div> </br>  <div id="jpsnsti" class="poofen"> <ul class="layui-row layui-col-space10"> <li id="z9vnznh" class="layui-col-lg6 layui-col-xs12 text-more"> 上一篇： 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